Saving the Tiger
Of all the big cats, Tigers are the most persecuted and closest to extinction. Over the last century tiger numbers have dwindled from almost 100,000 to less than 3,200. The tiger was formerly classified into nine subspecies, three of which (the Javan, Bali and Caspian) are extinct and one, the South-China subspecies, has not been sighted in the last decade, and may presumably be extinct. With nine subspecies it is difficult, if not impossible, to reintroduce a subspecies into an area where it is going extinct like introducing the Bengal tiger to improve the genetic pool of the South-China tiger. It will no longer be "purebred". The tiger is the least diverse of all the big cats. It is believed that the low genetic diversity in tigers was caused by a population decline during the ice age 110,000 years ago. Recently, modern phylogenetic DNA studies have suggested that there are only two subspecies (the Continental and the Sunda subspecies) of the tiger and not nine as previously thought. If this is accepted as true, it will be easier to conserve the tiger in the future. However, another recent study (2018) has thrown a spanner into the works. Researchers from China and the US looked at the whole genomes of 32 representative tigers and found that there were indeed nine subspecies of tiger. There is a downside to considering tigers as separate subspecies and attempting to protect them on this basis, without mixing in tigers from elsewhere. Genetic diversity is key for adaptation and ultimately species survival. As our understanding increases, more informed decisions can be made regarding how best to conserve the tiger.
At the Tiger Summit held in St Petersburg, Russia in November 2010, the 13 tiger range countries adopted a Global Tiger Recovery Program. The goal is to effectively double the number of wild Tigers by 2022 through actions to:
effectively preserve, manage, enhance and protect tiger habitats;
eradicate poaching, smuggling and illegal trade of tigers, their parts and derivatives;
cooperate in transboundary landscape management and in combating illegal trade;
engage with indigenous and local communities;
increase the effectiveness of Tiger and habitat management; and
restore Tigers to their former range.
Saving tigers is about more than restoring a single species. As a large predator, tigers play an important role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Every time we protect a tiger, we protect around 25,000 acres of forest - forests that sustain wildlife and local communities and supply people around the world with clean air, water, food, and products. There seemed to be some progress. Based on the best available information, tiger populations are stable or increasing in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Russia and China. An estimated 3,900 tigers remain in the wild, but much more work is needed to protect this species if we are to secure its future in the wild. In some areas, including much of Southeast Asia, tigers are still in crisis and declining in number.
Since 2017, IUCN has recognized two tiger subspecies, commonly referred to as the Continental tiger and the Sunda Island tiger. All remaining island tigers are found only in Sumatra, with tigers in Java and Bali now extinct. These are popularly known as Sumatran tigers. The continental tigers currently include the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese and Amur (Siberian) tiger populations, while the Caspian tiger is extinct in the wild. The South China tiger is believed to be functionally extinct.
The Tiger's closest living relative is the Snow Leopard. They diverge earlier than the lion, leopard and the jaguar (which are closely related). The Snow Leopard is unique among the Panthera. It is the only one that is unable to roar. Indeed, until recently it was considered different enough to be placed in a separate genus of its own, Uncia. It was only with genetic testing that established the fact that its nearest relative is the tiger and that it belonged in the Panthera genus.